Avermectins
e.g. emamectin benzoate, abamectin
Avermectins bind to glutamate-gated chloride channels in insects. They block the influx of chloride ions, disrupting normal nerve cell function. This inhibition of neuronal signaling leads to paralysis and death in insects.
Resistant pests
The caterpillars of the corn earworm (Helicoverpa armigera), also known as the cotton bollworm, are a significant pest of cotton and can be problematic in other crops, including pulses, oilseeds, coar...
Corn earworm
Helicoverpa armigera
Low resistance
Two-spotted mite have a very wide host range, and are an intermittent pest in maize, lentils, and broadleaf grasses....
Two-spotted mite
Tetranychus urticae
High resistance
Toxicity to beneficials
Hoverflies (Syrphidae sp) are a family of flies. They are characterized by their ability to hover in mid-air before quickly changing direction, hence their name....
Hoverflies
Syrphidae sp.
Low - High toxicity
Aphid parasitoids are small wasps, typically measuring 2-5 mm in length, with a slender body and distinctive narrow waist. They are commonly black or brown in colour....
Aphid parasitoids
Order: Hymenoptera
Moderate - High toxicity
Locally occuring parasitoids can be highly effective at suppressing pest populations, and there is a wide diversity of parasitoids that target the eggs of lepidoptera (moths and butterflies)....
Lepidopteran egg parasitoids
Order: Hymenoptera
Very High toxicity
Lacewings have elongated, slender bodies with prominent, bulging eyes. They measure 1 to 3 centimeters in length, varying by species. Their transparent wings have a delicate, net-like pattern resembli...
Lacewings
Family: Chrysopidae / Hemerobiidae
Low - Moderate toxicity
Ladybird adults are small, brightly coloured beetles with a rounded, dome-shaped body. The most commonly recognized ladybird species have red wing cases (elytra) with varying numbers of dark spots. Va...
Ladybird beetles
Family: Coccinellidae
Low - Moderate toxicity
Locally occuring parasitoids can be highly effective at suppressing pest populations, and there is a wide diversity of parasitoids that target the caterpillars of lepidoptera (moths and butterflies)....
Lepidopteran larval parasitoids
Order: Hymenoptera
Low - Very High toxicity
Predatory bugs belong to the family Hemiptera or true bugs. This group includes many pest insects, but there are also many important beneficial insects. Some species are quite small, measuring a few m...
Predatory bugs
Order: Hemiptera
Moderate toxicity
Predatory mites are a diverse group of small arthropods, between 0.2 to 3 millimeters in length, depending on the species. The body shape may vary slightly depending on the species, but they are gener...
Predatory mites
Moderate toxicity
